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200
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Ecological Society of America Oral History Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Ecology
Societies--History, organization, etc
Agriculture and Industry
Description
An account of the resource
Dennis H. Knight, a member of ESA’s Historical Records Committee, was the initial organizer of this collection, which helps document the history of ecology and the Ecological Society of America. The interviews were done by various ESA members and will continue into the future as the opportunity arises.<span> <br /><br /></span>Interview notes were written by Knight and others.<br /><br />All interviews in this collection have been indexed in OHMS.
Creator
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Ecological Society of America Historical Records Committee
Publisher
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Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies
Date
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2012-ongoing
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http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Oral histories
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RBRL416ESA
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
United States
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
OHMS Object
Contains the OHMS link to the XML file within the OHMS viewer.
https://purl.libs.uga.edu/russell/RBRL416ESA-001/ohms
OHMS Object Text
Contains OHMS index and/or transcript and is what makes the contents of the OHMS object searchable.
5.3 Interview with Robert Paine, July 30, 2012 RBRL416ESA-001 RBRL416ESA Ecological Society of American Oral History Collection Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Robert Paine Douglas Sprugel oral history 0 Kaltura audio < ; iframe id=" ; kaltura_player" ; src=" ; https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/p/1727411/sp/172741100/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/26879422/partner_id/1727411?iframeembed=true& ; playerId=kaltura_player& ; entry_id=1_7276kk4f& ; flashvars[localizationCode]=en& ; flashvars[leadWithHTML5]=true& ; flashvars[sideBarContainer.plugin]=true& ; flashvars[sideBarContainer.position]=left& ; flashvars[sideBarContainer.clickToClose]=true& ; flashvars[chapters.plugin]=true& ; flashvars[chapters.layout]=vertical& ; flashvars[chapters.thumbnailRotator]=false& ; flashvars[streamSelector.plugin]=true& ; flashvars[EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget]=videoHolder& ; flashvars[dualScreen.plugin]=true& ; & ; wid=1_jma9j6ow" ; width=" ; 304" ; height=" ; 231" ; allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=" ; 0" ; title=" ; Kaltura Player" ; > ; < ; /iframe> ; English 14 Early life and education So Bob, my first question, can you just tell us a little bit about your background, where you grew up, where you went to school and things like that? Paine talks about growing up in Cambridge, Massachusetts and becoming interested in nature at a young age because of his father's interested in mushrooms and because of his neighbors who were ornithologists. Paine talks about attending Harvard University, and enlisting into the U.S Army after he graduated. He talks about attending the University of Michigan for graduate school, where he majored in zoology. After graduating from graduate school, he had a one year post-doc at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and then became a professor at the University of Washington in 1962. < ; i> ; Life Histories of Birds< ; /i> ; ; armature bird watching ; Belmont High School ; Boston, Massachusetts ; Brewer's sparrow ; Chiapas, Mexico ; Ernest Mayr ; Fred Smith ; James Lee Peters ; Japan ; Ludlow Griscom ; North American Wood Warblers ; trilobites ; Washington D.C ; WWII 17 571 Important contributions to ecology So what do you know consider, after a long career, to be your most important contribution to ecology? And what lead you to whatever that was? Paine talks about valuing his relationship with his graduate students. On the research side, he says that his most important work was with Simon Levin at Tatoosh Island in Washington, with whom he wrote a paper about the disturbance patch formation and community structure of the island in 1974. Gordon Orians ; marine ecology ; patchy enviornments ; primary succession ; secondary succession ; spatial ecology ; Tommy Edmonton ; University of Washington 17 868 Philosophy for graduate student instruction / Keystone species hypothesis Let me ask you to elaborate on a couple of things you talked about. You did talk about your students. Do you have any particular philosophies for training students? Paine talks about training graduate students and says that he was doing a lot of work at Tatoosh Island during that time, so he was " ; suffering along" ; with his students. Paine also discusses his keystone species hypothesis, which he developed by studying food webs in Makah Bay in 1966. When he removed the starfish from Makah Bay he found that the ecosystem became dominated by mussels, so he coined the term " ; keystone species" ; to describe a species that has a significant effect on an ecosystem if it is removed. Charles Elton ; clams ; competitively dominant prey ; food chain ; food cycle ; food preference ; marine invertebrates ; moon snails ; NSF fellowship ; predator ; prey ; Scripps Institution of Oceanography ; University of Washington 17 1440 Disturbances in natural communities So Bob, among other things you were one of the first ecologists to investigate the role of disturbance in natural communities. Paine discusses the role of disturbance in natural communities, saying that they go through annual cycles of disruption and recovery. He also talks about how many influences came together at the same time to get ecologists interested in studying disturbances. Dick Root ; equilibrium communities ; George Mercer Award ; mussels ; predators ; rocky shores ; secondary succession ; Simon Levin ; transient states ; winter waves 17 1820 Single site studies This was a question that was posed by one of your students. You've long been a champion of experimental ecology but you've also collected observations about a single place over decades and the same place without disturbance. How do these two different kinds of approaches to ecology interact in your work? Paine talks about the advantages of single site studies, saying that it is easy to provide guidance on these types of studies and that they can also be generalized to a larger scale. He also discusses using mathematical models to make predictions. Caribbean ; disturbance ; Jeremy Jackson ; Keystone species ; predation ; sea turtles ; Simon Levin 17 2237 Ecologists and policy issues Changing gears a little now, you personally have never been particularly involved in national politics or policy issues, but some of your students have been very active, and also some of your colleagues. What's your view on the role an ecologist can play, or should play, in politics and policy issues? Paine talks about some of the different ways that ecologists can get involved in politics and policy issues, saying that they can do it through publications or by being directly involved. He mentions two of his former students who have been directly involved in politics: Jane Lubchenco who became the administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Steve Palumbi, who has been educating people about epidemics and genetics. barnacles ; carnivorous gastropods ; conservation ; consumption ; evolution ; mussels ; predation ; rocky shores ; skunk cabbages ; starfish ; University of California ; University of Washington 17 2578 Change over time: ESA, field of ecology So you've been involved with Ecological Society for a long time. Paine discusses his involvement in the Ecological Society of America (ESA), saying that it has grown much more complex since he was president in 1979. He talks about how the ESA's journals such as < ; i> ; Ecology< ; /i> ; , < ; i> ; Ecological Monographs< ; /i> ; , and < ; i> ; Ecological Applications< ; /i> ; have changed dramatically as ecology has grown more complex. Paine also reflects on his career, saying that he has had a " ; terrific time" ; studying ecology. acidification of oceans ; anova tables ; barnacles ; NSF fellowship ; oysters ; sea level ; sea urchins ; shoreline development ; starfish 17 No transcript. Resources may be used under the guidelines described by the U.S. Copyright Office in Section 107, Title 17, United States Code (Fair use). Parties interested in production or commercial use of the resources should contact the Russell Library for a fee schedule. audio 0 RBRL416ESA-001.xml RBRL416ESA-001.xml http://purl.libs.uga.edu/russell/RBRL416ESA/findingaid
Location
The location of the interview
Seattle, Washington
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
50 minutes
Repository
Name of repository the interview is from
Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Robert Paine, July 30, 2012
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RBRL416ESA-001
Creator
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Robert Paine
Douglas Sprugel
Format
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audio
oral histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Animal ecology
Experimental ecology
Environmental policy
Politics and Public Policy
Description
An account of the resource
Robert Paine was the president of the Ecological Society of America from 1979-1980. He became a professor at the University of Washington in 1962, and he remained there for his entire career. In this interview he discusses his education, career, and research, including his studies at Tatoosh Island and his study at Makah Bay, which lead to his proposal on the concept of keystone species.<br /><br />
<h3>Interview Notes</h3>
Bob collected mushrooms as a kid with his father; his parents were enthusiastic about encouraging his interest in birds; he bought his own binoculars and was adopted by bird watchers in the Cambridge area, including Ludlow Griscom. Bob became an ornithologist and at the age of 14 was in the Harvard museums. He would hang out with Ernst Mayr as an undergraduate; his parents were friends with Mayr, and he was too until the day Mayr died. He collected birds in southern Mexico, and he saw North American wood warblers there. He became interested in how they were portioning the environment.<br /><br />Initially he was in geology at Michigan, but Fred Smith encouraged him to be his student in ecology. Fred was a brilliant “hands-off teacher,” which was fine with Bob.<br /><br />His career at the University of Washington benefitted greatly from excellent graduate students, working in the marine environment, and he collaborated with Tommy Edmonton and Gordon Orians. Bob focused on experimental manipulation, which led to keystone species hypothesis.<br /><br /><strong>Philosophy for educating students</strong> <br /><br />I let them do what they wanted to do, and I was uniformly interested in what they wanted to do. They had to be self-motivated. Around 70% were NSF fellows. I suffered along with them doing field work, and we became very close.<br /><br /><strong>How did keystone species concept develop?</strong> <br /><br />Bob got NSF research support for a postdoc at Scripps, with Fred Smith’s influence, who was then at NSF. Great respect for Charles Elton, who “got it he right.” He saw starfish predators eating moon clams, which ate other things, like “gastropods drilling barnacles.” In 1963, initiated he starfish removal, and mussels took over. The more mussels, the more starfish, so he had to keep the starfish population down, which he did.<br /><br /><strong>The roll of disturbance in ecosystems<br /><br /></strong>Exposed rocky shores have large beds of mussels, and are subject to an annual cycle of disturbance and recovery. Pattern changes from year to year, depending on disturbance intensity. Dick Root got Simon Levin together with Bob, and Simon spent a sabbatical with Bob. He describes this research during the recording. Simon provided the models.<br /><br />Focus on disturbance caused by the results of manipulating a predator, and the global spread of human influences, and also, the cumulative work of various kinds of disturbances (and recovery). Ecologists became aware that we live in a world that is not at equilibrium, and biological processes were involved.<br /><br /><strong>Bob describes the importance of long-term research at one site.</strong> <br /><br />Experiments should be based on prior knowledge, and what’s “doable.” Single site observation enables one to do this.<br /><br /><strong>When are ideas ready to be generalizable?</strong> <br /><br />He talks again about the keystone species concept, and how it could and was applied to other ecosystems. It’s important to study variables that are measurable in the field. Working with someone like Simon Levin was very important. The generalizations come through mathematics.<br /><br />What’s the role of ecologists in policy and politics? Communication is very important at all levels; and it’s a matter of education, at all levels. Jane Lubchenco (M.S. at Washington with Bob, but then followed her husband to Boston), a good scientist, and now director of NOAA. Also mentions another student. All scientists should be involved at one or another level in policy and politics. Books can do it, and he’s done one (now in second edition) that illustrates biological interactions (illustrated with color photos) on the sea coast, intended for the serious naturalist of any age.<br /><br /><strong>Involvement with ESA; president in 1979</strong> <br /><br />How has ESA and ecology changed over the years? The number of sole-authored papers has dropped dramatically. Team research has increased. He describes the implications.<br />Meetings have become much larger, with consequences. Journals have become more “sciency.” More quantitative; less natural history, he thinks.<br /><br /><strong>What else?</strong> <br /><br />“I’ve had a terrific time.” He is concerned about losing the “natural world,” and regrets not having done enough to protect it.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2012-07-12
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
sound
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
United States
Washington
OHMS
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Ecological Society of America Oral History Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
Ecology
Societies--History, organization, etc
Agriculture and Industry
Description
An account of the resource
Dennis H. Knight, a member of ESA’s Historical Records Committee, was the initial organizer of this collection, which helps document the history of ecology and the Ecological Society of America. The interviews were done by various ESA members and will continue into the future as the opportunity arises.<span> <br /><br /></span>Interview notes were written by Knight and others.<br /><br />All interviews in this collection have been indexed in OHMS.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ecological Society of America Historical Records Committee
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2012-ongoing
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Oral histories
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RBRL416ESA
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
United States
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
OHMS Object
Contains the OHMS link to the XML file within the OHMS viewer.
https://purl.libs.uga.edu/russell/RBRL416ESA-003/ohms
OHMS Object Text
Contains OHMS index and/or transcript and is what makes the contents of the OHMS object searchable.
5.3 Interview with Gordon Orians, June 4, 2013 RBRL416ESA-003 RBRL416ESA Ecological Society of America Oral History Collection Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Gordon Orians Douglas Sprugel oral history 0 Kaltura audio < ; iframe id=" ; kaltura_player" ; src=" ; https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/p/1727411/sp/172741100/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/26879422/partner_id/1727411?iframeembed=true& ; playerId=kaltura_player& ; entry_id=1_2xc9v4hv& ; flashvars[localizationCode]=en& ; flashvars[leadWithHTML5]=true& ; flashvars[sideBarContainer.plugin]=true& ; flashvars[sideBarContainer.position]=left& ; flashvars[sideBarContainer.clickToClose]=true& ; flashvars[chapters.plugin]=true& ; flashvars[chapters.layout]=vertical& ; flashvars[chapters.thumbnailRotator]=false& ; flashvars[streamSelector.plugin]=true& ; flashvars[EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget]=videoHolder& ; flashvars[dualScreen.plugin]=true& ; & ; wid=1_gy7cyoig" ; width=" ; 400" ; height=" ; 285" ; allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozAllowFullScreen frameborder=" ; 0" ; title=" ; Kaltura Player" ; > ; < ; /iframe> ; English 20 Early interests in ecology / Education Gordon, let's start out with a little bit of background. Orians talks about how he became a bird watcher at a young age, so he knew later on that he wanted to major in zoology with a specialty in birds at the University of Wisconsin. He discusses some of the people who had a major influence on him throughout college, including John Curtis, who got him interested in plants, and David Lack, who he met at the University of Oxford. adaptive advantage ; bird migration ; fullbright fellowship ; hypothetical deductive reasoning method ; proximate factors ; ultimate factors ; University of California, Berkeley 17 403 Impact on the field of ecology / Teaching graduate students So what do you consider as your most important contribution to ecology? Orians discusses his work in behavioral ecology, saying that the most important paper he wrote was < ; i> ; On the Evolution of Mating Systems in Birds and Mammals< ; /i> ; . He also talks about his philosophy for teaching graduate students, which is to train them to ask the best questions and to let them make their own decisions. David Lack ; evolutionary science ; pedagogy ; space 17 676 Institute of Environmental Studies at the University of Washington So I've got a few questions here about more specific things you've done during your career. One of your single activities was leading the Institute of Environmental Studies at the University of Washington for over a decade. Orians discusses his time working with the Institute of Environmental Studies at the University of Washington, which was formed in response to Earth Day. He mentions the time he served on the Ecology Advisory Committee to the Washington State Department of Ecology as well as on the Science Advisory Board of the Environmental Protection Agency. Orians talks about how there was a lack of people in these agencies that understood enough ecology to use the advice that they were given, so he developed seminars for graduate students to learn about jobs in science policy. He also talks about helping create a course in bio-geochemistry at the University of Washington. academic positions ; atmospheric sciences ; carbon cycle ; Daniel Evans ; environmental policy issues ; forestry ; oceanography ; Robert Sylvester ; state legislature 17 1385 Writing textbooks / The National Academy of Sciences So one of the things that you did, and you actually referred to this earlier, you've written a number of books over the years. Orians talks about some of the textbooks he has written, saying that he wanted to include more of the scientific process in them instead of just facts. Orians also talks about being a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and discusses their report on the effects of oil and gas activities in the Alaskan North Slope (2003). Abraham Lincoln ; arctic whales ; BP ; bureaucracy ; caribou ; energy ; general biology textbook ; information ; National Research Counsel ; time ; tundra ; wolf and bear control 17 2196 Major questions in ecology So going back to a little more general questions I guess, what do you think is the most important ongoing question, or maybe a few questions, that have continued to interest ecologists throughout your career? Orians talks about the topics that ecologists have been interested in since he entered the field, including population regulation, species richness in communities, and energy flows. He believes that many of the major problems in ecology are too complex to be answered, saying that it is more beneficial to focus on simpler questions that can be answered. animal ecology ; arctic communities ; Charles Elton ; density dependence ; density independence ; plant ecology 17 2722 Subdisciplines of ecology / Data collection Well, speaking about changing people's minds, how have your ideas changed over the years? Orians talks about the necessity for the different disciplines of ecology to communicate with one another. He also discusses the use of computers to collect and organize data. behavioral ecology ; biomass ; community ecology ; David Lack ; ecosystem ecology ; energy budgets ; islands ; lime disease ; natural history ; nutrient cycles ; ornithology ; pollination ; population ecology ; Smithsonian ; soil ; species richness ; tectonic activity 17 3270 Involvement in the ESA And that's going to lead to the final question. You were talking about going to the meetings nowadays. First of all, how did you become involved with the Ecological Society, and then second, how have the meetings and organization changed over the years you've been involved with the society? Orians discusses his involvement in the Ecological Society of America (ESA). He talks about how the society has grown larger over the years, saying that he preferred the smaller meetings. journals ; national academy of sciences 17 No transcript. Resources may be used under the guidelines described by the U.S. Copyright Office in Section 107, Title 17, United States Code (Fair use). Parties interested in production or commercial use of the resources should contact the Russell Library for a fee schedule. audio 0 RBRL416ESA-003.xml RBRL416ESA-003.xml http://purl.libs.uga.edu/russell/RBRL416ESA/findingaid
Location
The location of the interview
Seattle, Washington
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
60 minutes
Repository
Name of repository the interview is from
Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Gordon Orians, June 4, 2013
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
RBRL416ESA-003
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Gordon Orians
Douglas Sprugel
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
audio
oral histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Animal ecology
College teachers
Environmental policy
Authors and publishers
Politics and Public Policy
Description
An account of the resource
Gordon Orians was the president of the Ecological Society of America from 1995-1996. He was also a professor at the University of Washington. In this interview, he discusses his work with the Institute of Environmental Studies at the University of Washington and the National Academy of Sciences. He also talks about major questions in ecology including population regulation, species richness in communities, and energy flows.<br />
<h3>Interview Notes</h3>
Orians began bird watching when he was 7 years old and started keeping field notes at age 9. He went to the University of Wisconsin and majored in zoology, advised by John Emlen and John Curtis who made plan ecology very interesting. Orians got a Fullbright Fellowship at the University of Oxford with David Lack, a good friend of Emlen, for graduate school. He said Lack had the most important influence on his career. In undergrad, Orians had studied hawks and wrote a manuscript, of which Lack was quite critical of, leading Orians to think more critically, using the hypthetico-deductive approach. <br /><br />Lack also taught Orians about proximate and ultimate factors affecting processes and how important it is to know which question is being asked. Lack was far more important than any subsequent advisors that he had. Gordon later received his Ph.D. at California.<br /><br /><strong>What are his most important contributions? <br /><br /></strong>Behavioral ecology from an evolutionary perspective. Lack made ecology an evolutionary science, which Gordon pursued.<br /><br /><strong>Philosophy of graduate education</strong><br /><br />The most important contributions came from students who asked the best questions when he taught. And how did those questions change over time? That art of asking questions - being good at that is more important than how much someone knows.<br /><br />Students often did their research on topics that were not the central theme of his grants, so they had to develop their research independently.<br /><br /><strong>Importance of the Institute of Environmental Studies</strong><br /><br />The IES was the University of Washington's response to Earth Day, which generated a lot of interest and which Gordon helped found and eventually was director for a long time. Gordon describes the history of IES and how it is multidisciplinary. Though it has since been terminated by the university and replaced by a new initiative. He also advised the state as a member of a state legislative committee, and also was on an advisory committee for EPA. Often the agencies lacked expertise. It was important for them to have ecologists, to prevent them from “garbling” the application of ecology.<br /><br />At that time it was hard to find academic positions for all graduates, so it was good to get them involved with the agencies, and become familiar with the science-policy interface. Courses were taught on that subject and are still taught there today.<br /><br />While planning Washington’s institute, Gordon and others visited other institutes, and he noted considerable variation, due to their local situation. There was no standard to follow in developing an institute on the environment. At Washington, the institute was small, with limited budget. Later biogeochemistry became a focal point, though that was not Gordon’s expertise, nor were there any courses on the subject. So they developed a course on the subject and that focus was used for graduate student recruitment. <br /><br />Students became focused on getting an academic job because they were surrounded by academics, but Gordon tried to broaden perspectives, showing that other career paths were just as good. <br /><br /><strong>Books</strong> <strong><br /><br /></strong>Orians got involved early on in writing a general biology textbook, because the existing ones were so filled with facts, which he didn’t like. He wanted a book with more on the process of science, and he felt strongly about that. He wrote his first biology textbook all by himself, “which was a colossal failure;” too radical a departure from tradition. Subsequent textbooks that he co-authored were “more standard.”<br /><br /><strong>National Academy Reports</strong><br /><br />He reviews a little of NAS history, and then describes the National Research Council, which is the working arm of the NAS. He worked as committee chair on a report on oil and gas development in Alaska. These studies are important to provide a means of getting scientists involved, not just politicians or policy makers. Biases are identified; balance is sought, to achieve a balance of biases, if there is a bias. No one is paid for this work. The effectiveness of the reports varies. Sometimes politicians prevail. NAS/NRC is the only choice for the highest of objectivity. The reports narrowed the scope of topics over which disagreement was still reasonable. OK to leave some places alone, which is a legitimate point. Rarely do you totally resolve a problem with such reports, but bounds are placed on the debate.<br /><br /><strong>What have been the important questions in ecology that continue today?</strong><br /><br />Charles Elton’s book was really good, framing good questions, at least for animal ecology. Population regulation? Density dependent/density independence – a big topic when he was a grad student, but not so much now. Many factors are involved; a complex topic. Topics of species richness and community. Behavior in relation to communitycharacteristics. And energy flow.<br /><br />Sometimes ecological questions are asked that can’t be answered, and that’s ok. It’s intrinsic to the nature of ecology, and we’ve come to realize that.<br /><br /><strong>How has your thinking changed over the years?</strong><br /><br />Orians took his first ecology course at Wisconsin. Andrewarths and Birch worked in Australia, which affected what they wrote about, and he describes how. At that time, there was not much communication between the various sub-disciplines of ecology. Now, they tend to work together more often.<br /><br />He mentions the behavioral basis for why species diversity might decline on small islands (fragmented habitat) and speaks about the importance of natural history information.<br /><br />When he went to college, he carried a slide rule; now it’s computers. Still have to think hard, even though we have large data sets. Crap in; crap out.<br /><br /><strong>How has ESA changed?<br /><br /></strong>You get involved because it’s part of your profession. Communication at meetings and through the journals is valuable. Now meetings are much bigger, more complex, and for him, less interesting. He enjoyed the NAS committees because they were small. He often didn’t go to ESA meetings.<br /><br />Now, societies have less revenue coming from journals. Not sure how this will play out. He bets a lot of societies won’t survive. Blogs may become more important, and he doesn't know about their futures. <br /><br />Society sections and chapters may compensate for some of his conserns.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2013-06-04
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
sound
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
United States
Washington
OHMS